# Introduce Descrepancy Measures

This Blog is the notes for my recent project about reliability and model checking. Next I want to organize a little about one important concept in model checking - discrepancy measures.

# Descrepancy Measures

1. $$\chi^2$$ measures for item-pairs (Chen & Thissen, 1997) $$X^2_{jj’}=\sum_{k=0}^{1} \sum_{k’=0}^{1} \frac{(n_{kk’}-E(n_{kk’}))^2}{E(n_{kk’})}$$

2. $$G^2$$ for item pairs

$$G^2_{jj’}=-2\sum_{k=0}^{1} \sum_{k’=0}^{1} \ln \frac{E(n_{kk’})}{n_{kk’}}$$

3. model-based covariance (MBC; Reckase, 1997) $$COV_{jj’} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(X_{ij}-\overline{X_j})(X_{ij’}-\overline{X_{j’}}) }{N} \ MBC_{jj’} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(X_{ij}-E(X_{ij}))(X_{ij’}-E(X_{ij’}))}{N}$$

4. $$Q_3$$ (Yen, 1993) $$Q_{3jj’} = r_{e_{ij}e_{ij’}}$$ where $$r$$ refers to the correlation, $$e_{ij} = X_{ij} - E(X_{ij})$$, and $$E(X_{ij})$$

5. Residual Item Covariance (Fu et al., 2005) $$RESIDCOV_{jj’} = \frac{[(n_{11})(n_{00})-(n{10})(n_{01})]}{N^2} - \frac{[E(n_{11})E(n_{00})-E(n_{10})E(n_{01})]}{E(N^2)}$$

6. natural log of the odds ratio (Agresti, 2002) $$LN(OR_{jj’})= \ln[\frac{(n_{11})(n_{00})}{(n_{10})(n_{01})}] = \ln(n_{11}) +\ln(n_{00})+\ln(n_{10}) +\ln(n_{01})$$

7. standardized log odds ratio residual (Chen & Thissen, 1997) $$STDLN(OR_{jj’})-RESID = \frac {\ln[\frac{n_{11}n_{00}}{n_{10}n_{01}}]-\ln[\frac{E(n_{11})E(n_{00})}{E(n_{10})E(n_{01})}]} {\sqrt{\frac{1}{n_{11}}+\frac{1}{n_{10}}+\frac{1}{n_{01}}+\frac{1}{n_{00}}}}$$

8. Mantel-Haenszel statistic (MH; Agresti, 2002; Sinharay et al., 2006) $$MH_{jj’} = \frac{\sum_rn_{11r}n_{00r}/n_r}{\sum_rn_{10r}n_{01r}/n_r}$$ where counts of examinees with a response pattern are conditional on rest score r, defined as the total test score excluding items j and j'.

##### Jihong Zhang, M.S.
###### Ph.D. Candidate

My research interests mainly focus on the Bayesian Diagnostic Classification Models (DCMs) - a special kind of Item Response Model and the model checking method, as applied in the psychological, educational, and social sciences. I seek to improve the utility of advanced psychometric modeling and provide easy-to-use tools or software for researchers.